Biological control of mosquitoes using vertebrates has mostly focused on the role of larvivorous. Past, present, and future, authorgiovanni benelli and claire l. Among those methods are the biological control methods, which suppress vector. Biological control of mosquito larvae by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Dedicated technicians and scientists, led by anita schiller, research and apply biological controls within precinct 4. Vietnam dengue hemorrhagic fever, copepods, and biological. Culex pipiens and aedes japonicus, for example, are vectors of the west nile virus that can cause west nile encephalitis in humans and horses. Mosquito control has been a point of focus in scientific communities, especially healthproviding units. Including existing mosquito control practices into a model is useful if biological control is proposed for locations with current insecticidal control. Pdf evaluation of wild tilapia and gift tilapia as. We define biological control as the decline in pest density as a result of the presence of natural enemies. Author links open overlay panel mmabaledi buxton a ross n. Biological control or biocontrol is a key component in establishing an ecological and integrated approach to pest management.
It can be an important component of integrated pest management ipm programs there are three basic strategies. Fungi like metarhiziumanisopliae and beauberia bassiana etc. Global experience has shown that in many situations fish are effective in controlling mosquitoborne disease either alone or as part of an integrated control approach. Bacillus sphaericus pdf 4 pp, 360k insect growth inhibitors. Eastern mosquitofish, gambusia holbrooki, for control of mosquito larvae. A natural biological control to mosquito larvae by fawn e. Targeting the aquatic stages of malaria vectors via larval source management lsm in collaboration with local communities could accelerate progress towards malaria elimination when deployed in addition to existing vector control strategies. Biological control refers to the introduction or manipulation of organisms to suppress vector 2. Physicochemical and biological characterization of. Weve shown that a biological control agent a roundworm can kill 85100% of mosquito larvae. Cuthbert, tatenda dalu, casper nyamukondiwa, ryan j. Biological control of aedes mosquito larvae with carnivorous aquatic plant. Methoprene pdf 9 pp, 119k organophosphate insecticide.
However, we urgently require the identification of novel and effective agents to aid population management strategies. Review on the killifish, aphanius dispar dispar ruppel, 1829. Summit mosquito bits, a popular biological control that kills mosquito larvae, is now also approved for the control of fungus gnats. However, the precise role that communities can assume in implementing such an intervention has not been fully investigated. Biological mosquito control also kills fungus gnats. Various methods have been tried and many more still being developed to eliminate or reduce mosquito populace. Sustainable control of mosquito larvae in the field by the. In present study experiments were conducted on predation efficiency of wild and gift tilapia on two different mosquito species 4 larval instar culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti in laboratory controlled conditions to consider the number of parameters like fish size, temperature and feeding time at arid agriculture university rawalpindi. Insect growth inhibitors pdf 4 pp, 89k prevent the larvae from maturing into adult mosquitoes. With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Fish predation of mosquito larvae has been recorded in many habitats, from small plastic containers to complex natural ecosystems, including coastal wetland environments.
The larviciding process by using chemicals to control. Controlling mosquitoes at the larval stage mosquito control. Guidelines for purchasing and using commercial natural enemies and biopesticides in north america. Biological control introduction to mosquito breeding sites of. Pdf mosquito control has been a point of focus in scientific communities, especially healthproviding units. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus.
Insect declines are being reported worldwide for flying, ground, and aquatic lineages. Biological control of mosquitoes using predators has been effective in management strategies kay and nam, 2005. Most reports come from western and northern europe, where the insect fauna is wellstudied and there are considerable demographic data for many taxonomically disparate. Introduction chemical insecticides provide many benefits to food production and human health and has. Complementary impacts of heterospecific predators facilitate improved biological control of mosquito larvae mmabaledi buxton, ross n. Biological control of culex quinquefasciatus say diptera. Biological control biological control refers to any control effort in which a natural predator, parasite or pathogen is used to target the vector. Biological control expands the arsenal in the fight against mosquito borne diseases by using nature against nature and using organisms that prey upon the mosquito. The enemies of mosquito larvae are easier to collect or produce in large numbers than the enemies of adult chapter 10 mosquitoes.
At delta vector control district, gambusia affinis, or the mosquitofish, is the preferred biological control agent to take a bite out of immature mosquito populations. Thus, the use of insecticides may still be required to control. Sarwar 2015 4 provides three key ways of using biological control of mosquitoes. In this study, datadriven decision tree models, generalized linear models and ordination analysis were used to identify the most important biotic and abiotic factors that affect the occurrence and abundance of mosquito larvae in southwest. Second, mosquito larvae and pupae are vulnerable to mosquito control compounds see extension entomology publication e52w mosquito management by trained personnel that cover. Hence, under field conditions, control of mosquito larvae by crustaceans will be limited during the initial phase of community development, when abundances of crustaceans are still low. Cuthbert b tatenda dalu c casper nyamukondiwa a ryan j. When used in the appropriate environments, there are major advantages to using. Many other biological control agents have been discovered including fungi, protozoa, bacteria, round worms, and flat worms.
The larvicidal activity is dependent on the endotoxin crystals, which must be ingested by the larvae, produced by the bacteria during sporulation. Assessment of clarias gariepinus as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae buze chala1, berhanu erko2, abebe animut2, abraham degarege2,3 and beyene petros4 abstract background. Maintaining a strong mosquito control program is vital because mosquitoes transmit a variety of microorganisms that may cause human and animal diseases. However, starting with culex molestus in italy and anopheles sacharovi in greece, mosquitos of economic and public health. Biological control initiative harris county precinct 4. The control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides is not always a sensible approach, so, alternative biological control methods, especially the use of larvivorous fishes, can play a. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. The chemical methods to regulate mosquito populations bear adverse impacts of resistant strains and effects on the nontarget species 1, 2. Oct 15, 2008 the chemical methods to regulate mosquito populations bear adverse impacts of resistant strains and effects on the nontarget species 1, 2.
Presently, only a few of these biological control agents, including the bacteria bti. Several biological mosquito control techniques that have been used include the direct introduction of parasites, pathogens and predators to target mosquitoes 3. Complementary impacts of heterospecific predators facilitate. This mosquito has developed resistance to common insecticides. The emergence and spread of insecticide resistant mosquitoes renewed interest in investigating the use of larvivorous fish as a biological control agent. Jack cagle established harris county precinct 4s biological control initiative in 2012 to find and develop natural mosquito control methods. Complementary impacts of heterospecific predators facilitate improved biological control of mosquito larvae. Biological control expands the arsenal in the fight against mosquitoborne diseases by using nature against nature and using organisms that prey upon the mosquito. The organophosphate insecticides affect the nervous system of. Biological control of the mosquito aedes aegypti experiment. Efficacy of indigenous larvivorous fishes against culex quinquefasciatus in the presence of alternative prey.
As a followup study we need to submit the roundworm to an acid test to verify its efficacy in urban settings. Biological control can assist in the management of disease vector mosquitoes. The potential of clarias gariepinus fish in controlling anopheles arabiensis and culicine larvae was assessed under laboratory and semifield conditions. Biological control of mosquitoes using vertebrates has mostly focused on the role of larvivorous fish that consume the aquatic larval stage of mosquitoes.
Jeffries and thomas walker, journalinsects, year2016, volume7. Controlling mosquitoes at the larval stage mosquito. In addition, biological control has focused on aquatic stages of mosquitoes because it is easier to supply the animals for biological control. As a sustainable alternative, increasing attention is being paid to control mosquitoes by biological means, including the utilization of natural predators of mosquito immatures 3, 4. Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. Ecofriendly larvivorous fish such as the top water minnow or mosquito fish gambusia affinis or the common guppy poecilia reticulate can be effectively used to control the mosquito population. Biocontrol strategies aim to be sustainable and target a range of different mosquito species to reduce the current reliance on insecticidebased mosquito control. Biological larvicideaqueous suspension biological mosquito controlconcentrated formula epa reg. The toxin hydrolyzes the epithelial cells of the gut of mosquito larvae. Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. Oct 03, 2016 biological control of mosquitoes using vertebrates has mostly focused on the role of larvivorous fish that consume the aquatic larval stage of mosquitoes.
A fundamental understanding of the spatial distribution and ecology of mosquito larvae is essential for effective vector control intervention strategies. Pushpull strategies that are currently being developed. Buy a natural biological control to mosquito larvae by fawn e caldwell ebook online at lulu. However, the precise role that communities can assume in implementing such an intervention has not been fully. Biocontrol of larval mosquitoes by acilius sulcatus. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for mosquito control.
One of the safest and interesting methods in mosquito control is the use of biological agents that eat or destroy the larvae. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus mosquitocontrol operations are targeted against three different. As such, there is high potential for mosquito biocontrol through the conservation or augmentation of natural mosquito predator communities in aquatic habitats. Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of reducing or mitigating pests and pest effects through the use of natural enemies. Two major annotated bibliographies have been compiled on the use of fish in mosquito control 1,4. Biological control pacific northwest pest management. The development of integrated pest management ipm strategies can be enhanced using modeling techniques, as a wide variety of options can be simulated and examined. Mosquito control maintaining a strong mosquito control program is vital because mosquitoes transmit a variety of microorganisms that may cause human and animal diseases. In the absence of natural enemies, mosquito larvae are able to thrive and often exist in very high densities, eventually leading to large numbers of biting females. The degree of pest decline might be in the form of partial or complete pest suppression.
Assessment of clarias gariepinus as a biological control. Use of biological control agents biological control agents like soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis especially btisraelensis bti to infect mosquito larvae. Communitybased biological control of malaria mosquitoes. Biological control introduction to mosquito breeding.